DOING A PROJECT
What is a project?
A
project is a series of activities about one specific topic.
Follow
these steps:
- Find
information about the topic. Look in books, on the Internet, and ask
different people for help.
- Write
about the topic. Include drawings and photographs.
- Present
your project. Prepare
a presentation in your group
- to
present your project to the class.
Who do you work with?
A
project is cooperative
group work.
This means you work with several
classmates and each one is responsible for a different part of the project.
Your teacher will help you organize your
group and the different tasks.
- Find information about the topic. Look in books, on the Internet, and ask different people for help.
- Write about the topic. Include drawings and photographs.
- Present your project. Prepare a presentation in your group
- to present your project to the class.
Your teacher will help you organize your
group and the different tasks.
UNIT 3. FOOD AND DIGESTION
1 Nutrients
What are nutrients?
Nutrients
are
the substances contained in food. They pass into your body when you eat or
drink. Nutrients help you to stay healthy.
The
main types of nutrients are carbohydrates,
fats,
proteins,
vitamins
and
minerals.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
give
us energy.
Some
carbohydrates are sweet.
These are found in sugar, honey and fruit. Other carbohydrates are not
sweet.
These are found in foods such as bread, rice, pasta, potatoes and pulses.
Fats
Fats
give
us more
energy than
carbohydrates.
There
are fats of animal
origin,
for example, butter and bacon. There are also fats of plant
origin,
for example, olive oil and sunflower oil.
Chocolate,
sweets, cakes, oil meat, sausages and hamburgers contain fats.
Proteins
Proteins
help
you to grow
and
repair
your
body.They help to form your muscles. Proteins are found in meat, fish, eggs,
dairy products and pulses.
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins
and
minerals
help
you to stay
healthy.
Calcium
is
a very important mineral because it makes up your bones
and
helps you to grow. There is a lot of calcium in milk and cheese.
2 Diet and health
A
diet
is
everything a person normally eats and drinks every day. A healthy diet helps you to stay healthy.
A
diet should be sufficient and balanced. A sufficient
diet gives
you the right
amount of
energy
you
need, but not too much. A balanced diet gives
you the right
amount of
nutrients.
3 The food wheel
The
food
wheel helps
you to choose a sufficient, balanced diet. The wheel is divided into six
different
food
groups.
Follow these instructions to use the food wheel:
- You should eat foods from all the groups, but you should eat more foods from the groups in the bigger sections.
- There are smaller pictures of foods in some groups. You shouldn’t eat too many of these foods.
- You should eat five meals a day. Include:
- at least three pieces of fruit.
- bread, cereals, pasta or potatoes.
- foods containing proteins: meat, fish, eggs or pulses
- at least two glasses of milk, or yoghurt or low fat cheese.
4 Food hygiene
To
be healthy you must make sure the foods that you eat are in good condition.
Some
foods are natural,
for example, meat and fruit. Other foods are processed,
for example, bread and tins of mussels.
Hygiene and food
We
know that hygiene
is
essential for good
health.
It is also very important when handling food. Dirty food can make you ill. For
this reason, you should wash your hands before eating or when preparing food.
5 The Mediterranean diet
This
is the traditional
diet of
countries near the Mediterranean Sea,
such as Spain and Italy. The
Mediterranean
diet is very healthy
Many
experts think this is a healthy diet that helps to prevent illnesses.
Typical
foods in the Mediterranean diet are: products of plant origin: vegetables,
fruits, pulses, dry fruits, olive oil
instead of animal fats, bread and cereals, fish.
6 The digestive system
Digestion
Digestion is the process of obtaining nutrients from the foods we eat. These foods are transformed into a sort of paste in the digestive
system.
This paste contains the nutrients we need, as well as other parts of the foods
we do not need.
The digestive system
The
digestive
system begins
in the mouth
and
ends in the anus.
It consists of one long tube called the digestive
tube.
As food goes down the digestive tube, different organs are involved in the
process.
How the digestive system works
1.
Digestion begins in the
mouth. Our teeth break up
and chew the food
into small pieces. The food is mixed with saliva.
2. The food
goes down the oesophagus to the stomach. It is transformed
into a paste. The paste contains nutrients we need, and some undigested
parts that we do
not need.
3. The paste
goes into the small
intestine. Here, it
mixes with special liquids.
4. The nutrients from the
paste are absorbed into the blood in the small intestine
5. The undigested parts
go into the
large intestine. They form
solid faeces. This is waste. Waste is expelled
through the anus..
UNIT 2. Our senses
The sense of sight
You use your sense of sight to distinguish the shape and colour of
objects. You also use your sight to distinguish the size and distance of
objects.
In order to see, light must reach the objects and your eyes.
You use sight to distinguish the shape, colour and size of
objects. You can only see if there is light.
The eyes
The eyes are the sense organs of sight. They are protected by the
eyelids, the eyelashes and the eyebrows.
First, light passes through the cornea. The cornea is transparent.
Then, light passes through the pupil. The pupil is the hole in the centre of
the iris. The iris is a coloured ring. Behind the iris is the lens. It helps
the eye to focus.
At the back of the eye, the retina captures the light. The optic
nerve takes the information to the brain. The retina captures light from objects. The
optic nerve sends this information to the brain.
The sense of hearing
You use your sense of hearing to distinguish different sounds:
loud or soft, high or low. Hearing helps you to decide where a sound comes
from.
The ears
The ears are the sense organs of hearing. They have got three
parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
The pinna is the outer ear. It captures the sound. Then, the sound
travels through the ear canal to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates with the
sound.
The eardrum is connected to the small bones. These bones move when
the eardrum vibrates. The cochlea captures the sound vibrations. The auditory
nerve takes the information to the brain.
You use your sense of hearing to distinguish sounds. The cochlea captures
the sound vibrations.
The sense of touch
You use your sense of touch to identify characteristics of objects.
Using touch, you can tell if an object is rough or smooth, or hot or cold.
Touch also helps you to distinguish between agreeable or painful sensations.
The skin
The skin is the sense organ of touch.
Your whole body is covered with skin. Touch receptors in your skin
send information to the brain. Your fingertips and lips are very sensitive
parts of the skin because they have more touch receptors.
You use your sense of touch to distinguish different characteristics
of objects.
The sense of smell
You use your sense of smell to distinguish smells.
The nose is the sense organ of smell. Smells travel through the
air. They enter the nose through two holes called nostrils and reach the olfactory
epithelium inside the nasal cavity.
Smell receptors in the epithelium send signals to the olfactory
bulb in the brain.
When you have a cold, your nose is blocked and your sense of smell
is impaired.
The sense of taste
You use your sense of taste to capture different flavours of
foods.
The tongue is the main sense organ of taste. It is covered with
small bumps called taste buds. These taste buds capture different types of
flavours.
You can distinguish five basic flavours: sweet, salty, sour, bitter
and umami. Umami is difficult to recognize. It is found in red meat, strong
cheeses and soy sauce.
All other flavours are a combination of these five basic flavours.
Information from your sense of taste reaches the brain through your nerves.
The tongue is
the main sense organ of taste. There are five basic flavours.
Looking after your senses
You use your senses to communicate with the outside world, so you must look after them. There are two basic ways to look after your senses: good hygiene and protection.
Looking after your eyes
Follow this advice to look after your eyes:
Looking after your ears
Follow this advice to look after your ears:
Looking after your senses
You use your senses to communicate with the outside world, so you must look after them. There are two basic ways to look after your senses: good hygiene and protection.
Looking after your eyes
Follow this advice to look after your eyes:
- Don’t touch your eyes with dirty hands.
- Make sure there is enough light when you read or study.
- Don’t look directly at the Sun.
- Protect your eyes with sunglasses in strong sunlight
- in the mountains and on the beach.
- Use goggles in the swimming pool. Chlorine in the water can irritate your eyes.
- Visit your paediatrician for an eye test.
Looking after your ears
Follow this advice to look after your ears:
- Practise good hygiene. Wash your ears daily in the shower or bath.
- Protect your ears. Don’t use cotton buds to dry your ears. They can damage your eardrums.
- Visit your paediatrician if you have earache.
- Loud noises can damage your ears. Avoid very noisy places. Keep the volume low on your headphones.
- Noise and health. There is a lot of noise in big cities. Too much noise is bad for your ears and your general health.
GAMES
UNIT 1. Your body
October 21st 2016
REPRODUCTION
The process of reproduction allows you to have offspring similar to yourself.
People have sexual reproduction. This means that a male and a female must come together to reproduce.
People are viviparous: new babies develop in the mother’s womb. A new baby is born after nine months.
Most physical characteristics are inherited. For this reason, children look like their father or their mother.
Male reproductive organs and female reproductive organs are different.
October 19th 2016
THE PROCESS OF SENSITIVITY
We need information about the environment to survive and to respond effectively to changes. This information comes from our senses.
Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond
to changes in the environment.
You use your sense organs to obtain information from the environment. For example, ears capture sounds and eyes capture images.
Information from the sense organs travels to the brain. The brain is part of the nervous system. Nerves are also part of the nervous system. They are like cables. They carry information between the brain and the locomotor system.
To carry out a response you use your locomotor system: the bones and the muscles.
October 17th 2016
LIFE PROCESSES
The
three main processes of life are nutrition,
reproduction
and
sensitivity.
The process
of nutrition provides your body with energy and nutrients from food.
The stages of nutrition. Nutrition
includes four processes: digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion.
October 14th 2016
STAGES OF LIFE
Your body grows and changes throughout your life. There are four main stages:
- childhood
- adolescence
- adulthood
- old age
Lets start watching a video
These are the stages of life
Now you can play a game to testwhat you have learnt
October 10th 2016
THE SKIN
The skin covers and protects your body. You can feel heat, cold or pain through your skin.
The skin on your head has got a lot of hair.
Skin contains a substance called melanin. Melanin
protects your body from sunlight. It makes your skin
darker when you sunbathe.
Here you can watch a video about the skin. Click on the picture to watch it.
Here you can watch a video about the skin. Click on the picture to watch it.
PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT
These are some of the things that make people different:
- Sexual characteristics. Women and men have different bodies.
- Height. People can be tall or short.
- Personal traits. People look different because of the colour of their eyes, their hair, the shape of their face or nose, etc
October 3rd 2016
INSIDE MY BODY
Different organs are inside your body.
These organs make your body function.
Bones and muscles work together to support and move your body.
Your brain is inside your head. It is protected by your skull. Your brain controls all the organs in your body.
The heart, the lungs, the kidneys, the stomach and the intestines are organs. They are inside your trunk.
Your organs all work together to make your body function well.
Now you can find some games related to the human body we played in class. Click on the pictures to open the games in a new tab. You can play different games in the websites. Have fun!
This is the human body we built in the arts class. Do you remember it? You have one at home!
September 30th 2016
PARTS OF THE BODY
The main parts of the body are the head, the trunk and the limbs.
The head includes the face. Your face has a forehead,
two cheeks and a chin.
You also have a nose, two eyes and a mouth.
The trunk has two parts: the thorax and the abdomen.
You have four limbs. The upper limbs are the arms, the forearms and the hands. The lower limbs are the legs, the thighs and the feet.
